In 1919 the bakers and textile-shop clerks formed their own trade unions. The success of the printers' union encouraged other trades to organize. In 1918, the newly organised union staged a 14-day strike and succeeded in reaching a collective agreement with employers to institute the eight-hours day, overtime pay, and medical care. The printers' union, established in 1906 by Mohammad Parvaneh as the first trade union, in the Koucheki print shop on Nasserieh Avenue in Tehran, reorganized their union under leadership of Russian-educated Seyed Mohammad Dehgan, a newspaper editor and an avowed Communist. In Iran in 1918, the work of reorganizing the trade unions began in earnest in Tehran during the closure of the Iranian constitutional parliament Majles. The eight-hour day movement forms part of the early history for the celebration of May Day, and Labour Day in some countries. The eight-hour day was the first topic discussed by the International Labour Organization which resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 ratified by 52 countries as of 2016. The first international treaty to mention it was the Treaty of Versailles in the annex of its thirteenth part establishing the International Labour Office, now the International Labour Organization. The "Real decreto de 3 de abril de 1919" was signed by the prime minister, Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones. On 3 April 1919, Spain introduced a universal law effective on all type of works, restricting the workday to a maximum of eight hours. Nevertheless, the law was not effective on all type of works. On 17 November 1915, Uruguay adopted an eight-hour working day, under the government of José Batlle y Ordóñez. The International Workingmen's Association took up the demand for an eight-hour day at its Congress in Geneva in 1866, declaring "The legal limitation of the working day is a preliminary condition without which all further attempts at improvements and emancipation of the working class must prove abortive", and "The Congress proposes eight hours as the legal limit of the working day." Karl Marx saw it as of vital importance to the workers' health, writing in Das Kapital (1867): "By extending the working day, therefore, capitalist production.not only produces a deterioration of human labour power by robbing it of its normal moral and physical conditions of development and activity, but also produces the premature exhaustion and death of this labour power itself." There were initial successes in achieving an eight-hour day in New Zealand and by the Australian labour movement for skilled workers in the 1840s and 1850s, though most employed people had to wait to the early and mid twentieth century for the condition to be widely achieved through the industrialised world through legislative action. Ī shorter working day and improved working conditions were part of the general protests and agitation for Chartist reforms and the early organisation of trade unions. French workers won the 12-hour day after the February Revolution of 1848. Women and children in England were granted the ten-hour day in 1847. By 1817 he had formulated the goal of the eight-hour day and coined the slogan: "Eight hours' labour, Eight hours' recreation, Eight hours' rest". In the early 19th century, Robert Owen raised the demand for a ten-hour day in 1810, and instituted it in his "socialist" enterprise at New Lanark. These working conditions were also applied to natives in the Spanish America, who also kept their own legislation organized in "Indian republics" where they elected their own mayors. Īn exception was applied to mine workers, whose work day was limited to seven hours. Mandadas a Imprimir y Publicar por la majestad católica del rey Don Carlos II, nuestro señor. Recopilación de leyes de los reinos de las indias. Law VI That the workers work eight hours a day distributed as appropriate.Īll the workers will work eight hours a day, four in the morning, and four in the afternoon in fortifications and factories, which are to be made, distributed at the most convenient times to get rid of the rigor of the sun, more or less what seems to the engineers, so that not missing a point of the possible, it is also attended to ensure their health and conservation.
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